The other pins are not used in video and sync signal transmission. Pins thirteen and fourteen relate to the horizontal and vertical sync information, and pins five and ten are the horizontal and vertical sync grounds, respectively. In the 15-pin VGA connector, pins one through three correspond to the red, blue, and green component video signals, while pins six through eight correspond to the RGB ground. The VGA connector has 15 pins and a three-row formation, commonly known as the DE-15 connector. VGA also introduced a standard text mode with 80 columns and 25 lines. However, with improvements, VGA supported resolutions up to 640×480 pixels with 16 colors or 320×200 pixels with 256 colors. Initially, VGA could only display 16 colors at a time on the screen. VGA (Video Graphics Array) is a display standard for transmitting analog video signals between computers and monitors. In the 9-pin RS232 connector, three main pins are responsible for data exchange : pin 2 for receiving data, pin 3 for transmitting data, and pin 5 for the signal ground to eliminate interference on the transmission line. Since only one communication channel is typically needed, the 9-pin RS232 connector is more prevalent today compared to the 25-pin RS232 connector. The 25-pin connector was designed for two serial RS232 communication channels, while the 9-pin connector was created for one serial RS232 communication channel. RS232 has two connector versions: a 9-pin or 25-pin D-sub connector, which is commonly referred to as the “serial port” or “COM port”. So you can use RS232 to troubleshoot in case the sender or receiver is having any problems on the transmission line. The feedback message in two-way communication allows you to know whether the command has been effective or not. “Two-way communication” means that when the sender transmits a command to the receiver, the receiver will always return a feedback message to the sender. The most interesting feature of the RS232 standard that I want to highlight is that RS232 supports two-way communication. Nowadays, RS232 is commonly used in industrial computers to exchange serial data such as control commands to CNC machines, networking equipment, and scientific instruments. The RS232 serial communication is simpler than parallel communication, which involves the simultaneous transmission of multiple bits and requires more wires. In RS232 serial communication, devices exchange data one bit at a time through a single wire or a pair of wires. RS232 (Recommended Standard 232) is a serial communication standard that let devices “talk to each other”.
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